Jan 25, 2020 USAGE $ heroku help COMMAND ARGUMENTS COMMAND command to show help for OPTIONS -all see all commands in CLI heroku join. Add yourself to a team app. USAGE $ heroku join OPTIONS -a, -app=app (required) app to run command against -r, -remote=remote git remote of app to use heroku keys. Display your SSH keys. Jun 14, 2019 /dev/sda – Write the output of the command directly to the hard disk device. The Lesson: As above, beware running commands that involve hard disk devices beginning with /dev/sd. Dd if=/dev/random of=/dev/sda – Writes Junk Onto a Hard Drive. The dd if=/dev/random of=/dev/sda line will also obliterate the data on one of your hard drives. Programming with the Dev C IDE 1 Introduction to the IDE Dev-C is a full-featured Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for the C/C programming language. As similar IDEs, it offers to the programmer a simple and unified tool to edit, compile, link, and debug programs. It also provides support for the management of the.
- C Programming Tutorial
- C Programming useful Resources
- Selected Reading
You have seen the basic structure of a C program, so it will be easy to understand other basic building blocks of the C programming language.
Tokens in C
A C program consists of various tokens and a token is either a keyword, an identifier, a constant, a string literal, or a symbol. For example, the following C statement consists of five tokens −
The individual tokens are −
Semicolons
In a C program, the semicolon is a statement terminator. That is, each individual statement must be ended with a semicolon. It indicates the end of one logical entity.
Given below are two different statements −
Comments
Comments are like helping text in your C program and they are ignored by the compiler. They start with /* and terminate with the characters */ as shown below −
You cannot have comments within comments and they do not occur within a string or character literals.
Identifiers
A C identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, or any other user-defined item. An identifier starts with a letter A to Z, a to z, or an underscore '_' followed by zero or more letters, underscores, and digits (0 to 9).
C does not allow punctuation characters such as @, $, and % within identifiers. C is a case-sensitive programming language. Thus, Manpower and manpower are two different identifiers in C. Here are some examples of acceptable identifiers −
Keywords
The following list shows the reserved words in C. These reserved words may not be used as constants or variables or any other identifier names.
| auto | else | long | switch |
| break | enum | register | typedef |
| case | extern | return | union |
| char | float | short | unsigned |
| const | for | signed | void |
| continue | goto | sizeof | volatile |
| default | if | static | while |
| do | int | struct | _Packed |
| double |
Whitespace in C
A line containing only whitespace, possibly with a comment, is known as a blank line, and a C compiler totally ignores it.
Whitespace is the term used in C to describe blanks, tabs, newline characters and comments. Whitespace separates one part of a statement from another and enables the compiler to identify where one element in a statement, such as int, ends and the next element begins. Therefore, in the following statement −
there must be at least one whitespace character (usually a space) between int and age for the compiler to be able to distinguish them. On the other hand, in the following statement −
no whitespace characters are necessary between fruit and =, or between = and apples, although you are free to include some if you wish to increase readability.
-->You can build C and C++ applications on the command line by using tools that are included in Visual Studio. The Microsoft C++ (MSVC) compiler toolset is also downloadable as a standalone package that doesn't include the Visual Studio IDE.
Download and install the tools
If you've installed Visual Studio and a C++ workload, you have all the command-line tools. For information on how to install C++ and Visual Studio, see Install C++ support in Visual Studio. If you only want the command-line toolset, download the Build Tools for Visual Studio. When you run the downloaded executable, it updates and runs the Visual Studio Installer. To install only the tools you need for C++ development, select the C++ build tools workload. You can select optional libraries and toolsets to include under Installation details. To build code by using the Visual Studio 2015 or 2017 toolsets, select the optional MSVC v140 or MSVC v141 build tools. When you're satisfied with your selections, choose Install.
How to use the command-line tools
When you choose one of the C++ workloads in the Visual Studio Installer, it installs the Visual Studio platform toolset. A platform toolset has all the C and C++ tools for a specific Visual Studio version. The tools include the C/C++ compilers, linkers, assemblers, and other build tools, and matching libraries. You can use all of these tools at the command line. They're also used internally by the Visual Studio IDE. There are separate x86-hosted and x64-hosted compilers and tools to build code for x86, x64, ARM, and ARM64 targets. Each set of tools for a particular host and target build architecture is stored in its own directory.
To work correctly, the tools require several specific environment variables to be set. These variables are used to add the tools to the path, and to set include file, library file, and SDK locations. To make it easy to set these environment variables, the installer creates customized command files, or batch files, during installation. You can run one of these command files to set a specific host and target build architecture, Windows SDK version, and platform toolset. For convenience, the installer also creates shortcuts in your Start menu. The shortcuts start developer command prompt windows by using these command files for specific combinations of host and target. These shortcuts ensure all the required environment variables are set and ready to use.
The required environment variables are specific to your installation and to the build architecture you choose. They also might be changed by product updates or upgrades. That's why we recommend you use an installed command prompt shortcut or command file, instead of setting the environment variables yourself. For more information, see Set the path and environment variables for command-line builds.
The toolsets, command files, and shortcuts installed depend on your computer processor and the options you selected during installation. The x86-hosted tools and cross tools that build x86 and x64 code are always installed. If you have 64-bit Windows, the x64-hosted tools and cross tools that build x86 and x64 code are also installed. If you choose the optional C++ Universal Windows Platform tools, then the x86 and x64 tools that build ARM and ARM64 code also get installed. Other workloads may install additional tools.
Developer command prompt shortcuts
The command prompt shortcuts are installed in a version-specific Visual Studio folder in your Start menu. Here's a list of the base command prompt shortcuts and the build architectures they support:
- Developer Command Prompt - Sets the environment to use 32-bit, x86-native tools to build 32-bit, x86-native code.
- x86 Native Tools Command Prompt - Sets the environment to use 32-bit, x86-native tools to build 32-bit, x86-native code.
- x64 Native Tools Command Prompt - Sets the environment to use 64-bit, x64-native tools to build 64-bit, x64-native code.
- x86_x64 Cross Tools Command Prompt - Sets the environment to use 32-bit, x86-native tools to build 64-bit, x64-native code.
- x64_x86 Cross Tools Command Prompt - Sets the environment to use 64-bit, x64-native tools to build 32-bit, x86-native code.
The Start menu folder and shortcut names vary depending on the installed version of Visual Studio. If you set one, they also depend on the installation Nickname. For example, suppose you installed Visual Studio 2019, and you gave it a nickname of Latest. The developer command prompt shortcut is named Developer Command Prompt for VS 2019 (Latest), in a folder named Visual Studio 2019.
The Start menu folder and shortcut names vary depending on the installed version of Visual Studio. If you set one, they also depend on the installation Nickname. For example, suppose you installed Visual Studio 2017, and you gave it a nickname of Latest. The developer command prompt shortcut is named Developer Command Prompt for VS 2017 (Latest), in a folder named Visual Studio 2017.
The Start menu folder and shortcut names vary depending on the installed version of Visual Studio. For example, suppose you installed Visual Studio 2015. The developer command prompt shortcut is named Developer Command Prompt for VS 2015.
To open a developer command prompt window
On the desktop, open the Windows Start menu, and then scroll to find and open the folder for your version of Visual Studio, for example, Visual Studio 2019.
In the folder, choose the Developer Command Prompt for your version of Visual Studio. This shortcut starts a developer command prompt window that uses the default build architecture of 32-bit, x86-native tools to build 32-bit, x86-native code. If you prefer a non-default build architecture, choose one of the native or cross tools command prompts to specify the host and target architecture.
For an even faster way to open a developer command prompt, enter developer command prompt in the desktop search box. Then choose the result you want.
Developer command file locations
If you prefer to set the build environment in an existing command prompt window, you can use one of the command files created by the installer. We recommend you set the environment in a new command prompt window. We don't recommend you later switch environments in the same command window.
The command file location depends on the version of Visual Studio you installed, and on choices you made during installation. For Visual Studio 2019, the typical installation location on a 64-bit system is in Program Files (x86)Microsoft Visual Studio2019edition. Edition may be Community, Professional, Enterprise, BuildTools, or another nickname you supplied.
The command file location depends on the version of Visual Studio you installed, and on choices you made during installation. For Visual Studio 2017, the typical installation location on a 64-bit system is in Program Files (x86)Microsoft Visual Studio2017edition. Edition may be Community, Professional, Enterprise, BuildTools, or another nickname you supplied.
The command file location depends on the Visual Studio version, and the installation directory. For Visual Studio 2015, the typical installation location is in Program Files (x86)Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0.
The primary developer command prompt command file, VsDevCmd.bat, is located in the Common7Tools subdirectory. When no parameters are specified, it sets the environment to use the x86-native tools to build 32-bit x86 code.
More command files are available to set up specific build architectures. The command files available depend on the Visual Studio workloads and options you've installed. In Visual Studio 2017 and Visual Studio 2019, you'll find them in the VCAuxiliaryBuild subdirectory.
More command files are available to set up specific build architectures. The command files available depend on the Visual Studio workloads and options you've installed. In Visual Studio 2015, they're located in the VC, VCbin, or VCbinarchitecture subdirectories, where architecture is one of the native or cross-compiler options.
These command files set default parameters and call VsDevCmd.bat to set up the specified build architecture environment. A typical installation may include these command files:
| Command File | Host and Target architectures |
|---|---|
| vcvars32.bat | Use the 32-bit x86-native tools to build 32-bit x86 code. |
| vcvars64.bat | Use the 64-bit x64-native tools to build 64-bit x64 code. |
| vcvarsx86_amd64.bat | Use the 32-bit x86-native cross tools to build 64-bit x64 code. |
| vcvarsamd64_x86.bat | Use the 64-bit x64-native cross tools to build 32-bit x86 code. |
| vcvarsx86_arm.bat | Use the 32-bit x86-native cross tools to build ARM code. |
| vcvarsamd64_arm.bat | Use the 64-bit x64-native cross tools to build ARM code. |
| vcvarsall.bat | Use parameters to specify the host and target architectures, Windows SDK, and platform choices. For a list of supported options, call by using a /help parameter. |
Caution
The vcvarsall.bat file and other Visual Studio command files can vary from computer to computer. Do not replace a missing or damaged vcvarsall.bat file by using a file from another computer. Rerun the Visual Studio installer to replace the missing file.
The vcvarsall.bat file also varies from version to version. If the current version of Visual Studio is installed on a computer that also has an earlier version of Visual Studio, do not run vcvarsall.bat or another Visual Studio command file from different versions in the same command prompt window.
Use the developer tools in an existing command window
The simplest way to specify a particular build architecture in an existing command window is to use the vcvarsall.bat file. Use vcvarsall.bat to set environment variables to configure the command line for native 32-bit or 64-bit compilation. Arguments let you specify cross-compilation to x86, x64, ARM, or ARM64 processors. You can target Microsoft Store, Universal Windows Platform, or Windows Desktop platforms. You can even specify which Windows SDK to use, and select the platform toolset version.
When used with no arguments, vcvarsall.bat configures the environment variables to use the current x86-native compiler for 32-bit Windows Desktop targets. You can add arguments to configure the environment to use any of the native or cross compiler tools. vcvarsall.bat displays an error message if you specify a configuration that's not installed or available on your computer.
vcvarsall syntax
vcvarsall.bat [architecture] [platform_type] [winsdk_version] [-vcvars_ver=vcversion]
architecture
This optional argument specifies the host and target architecture to use. If architecture isn't specified, the default build environment is used. These arguments are supported:
| architecture | Compiler | Host computer architecture | Build output (target) architecture |
|---|---|---|---|
| x86 | x86 32-bit native | x86, x64 | x86 |
| x86_amd64 or x86_x64 | x64 on x86 cross | x86, x64 | x64 |
| x86_arm | ARM on x86 cross | x86, x64 | ARM |
| x86_arm64 | ARM64 on x86 cross | x86, x64 | ARM64 |
| amd64 or x64 | x64 64-bit native | x64 | x64 |
| amd64_x86 or x64_x86 | x86 on x64 cross | x64 | x86 |
| amd64_arm or x64_arm | ARM on x64 cross | x64 | ARM |
| amd64_arm64 or x64_arm64 | ARM64 on x64 cross | x64 | ARM64 |
platform_type
This optional argument allows you to specify store or uwp as the platform type. By default, the environment is set to build desktop or console apps.
winsdk_version
Optionally specifies the version of the Windows SDK to use. By default, the latest installed Windows SDK is used. To specify the Windows SDK version, you can use a full Windows 10 SDK number such as 10.0.10240.0, or specify 8.1 to use the Windows 8.1 SDK.
vcversion
Optionally specifies the Visual Studio compiler toolset to use. By default, the environment is set to use the current Visual Studio compiler toolset.
Use -vcvars_ver=14.2x.yyyyy to specify a specific version of the Visual Studio 2019 compiler toolset.
Use -vcvars_ver=14.16 to specify the latest version of the Visual Studio 2017 compiler toolset.
Use -vcvars_ver=14.16 to specify the latest version of the Visual Studio 2017 compiler toolset.
Use -vcvars_ver=14.1x.yyyyy to specify a specific version of the Visual Studio 2017 compiler toolset.
Use -vcvars_ver=14.0 to specify the Visual Studio 2015 compiler toolset.
To set up the build environment in an existing command prompt window
Dev C All Commands In Minecraft
At the command prompt, use the CD command to change to the Visual Studio installation directory. Then, use CD again to change to the subdirectory that contains the configuration-specific command files. For Visual Studio 2019 and Visual Studio 2017, use the VCAuxiliaryBuild subdirectory. For Visual Studio 2015, use the VC subdirectory.
Enter the command for your preferred developer environment. For example, to build ARM code for UWP on a 64-bit platform, using the latest Windows SDK and Visual Studio compiler toolset, use this command line:
vcvarsall.bat amd64_arm uwp
Create your own command prompt shortcut
Open the Properties dialog for a developer command prompt shortcut to see the command target used. For example, the target for the x64 Native Tools Command Prompt for VS 2019 shortcut is something similar to:
%comspec% /k 'C:Program Files (x86)Microsoft Visual Studio2019CommunityVCAuxiliaryBuildvcvars64.bat'
Open the Properties dialog for a developer command prompt shortcut to see the command target used. For example, the target for the x64 Native Tools Command Prompt for VS 2017 shortcut is something similar to:
%comspec% /k 'C:Program Files (x86)Microsoft Visual Studio2017CommunityVCAuxiliaryBuildvcvars64.bat'
Open the Properties dialog for a developer command prompt shortcut to see the command target used. For example, the target for the VS2015 x64 Native Tools Command Prompt shortcut is something similar to:
%comspec% /k 'C:Program Files (x86)Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0VCvcvarsall.bat' amd64
The architecture-specific batch files set the architecture parameter and call vcvarsall.bat. You can pass the same options to these batch files as you would pass to vcvarsall.bat, or you can just call vcvarsall.bat directly. To specify parameters for your own command shortcut, add them to the end of the command in double-quotes. For example, here's a shortcut to build ARM code for UWP on a 64-bit platform, using the latest Windows SDK. To use an earlier compiler toolset, specify the version number. Use something like this command target in your shortcut:
%comspec% /k 'C:Program Files (x86)Microsoft Visual Studio2019CommunityVCAuxiliaryBuildvcvarsall.bat' amd64_arm uwp -vcvars_ver=14.16
%comspec% /k 'C:Program Files (x86)Microsoft Visual Studio2017CommunityVCAuxiliaryBuildvcvarsall.bat' amd64_arm uwp -vcvars_ver=14.0
%comspec% /k 'C:Program Files (x86)Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0VCvcvarsall.bat' amd64 -vcvars_ver=12.0
Adjust the path to reflect your Visual Studio installation directory. The vcvarsall.bat file has additional information about specific version numbers.
Command-line tools
To build a C/C++ project at a command prompt, Visual Studio provides these command-line tools:
CL
Use the compiler (cl.exe) to compile and link source code files into apps, libraries, and DLLs.
Link
Use the linker (link.exe) to link compiled object files and libraries into apps and DLLs.
MSBuild
Use MSBuild (msbuild.exe) and a project file (.vcxproj) to configure a build and invoke the toolset indirectly. It's equivalent to running the Build project or Build Solution command in the Visual Studio IDE. Running MSBuild from the command line is an advanced scenario and not commonly recommended.
DEVENV
Use DEVENV (devenv.exe) combined with a command-line switch such as /Build or /Clean to execute certain build commands without displaying the Visual Studio IDE. In general, DEVENV is preferred over using MSBuild directly, because you can let Visual Studio handle the complexities of MSBuild.
NMAKE
Use NMAKE (nmake.exe) on Windows to build C++ projects based on a traditional makefile.
When you build on the command line, the F1 command isn't available for instant help. Instead, you can use a search engine to get information about warnings, errors, and messages, or you can use the offline help files. To use the search in docs.microsoft.com, use the search box at the top of the page.
In this section
These articles show how to build apps on the command line, and describe how to customize the command-line build environment. Some show how to use 64-bit toolsets, and target x86, x64, ARM, and ARM64 platforms. They also describe use of the command-line build tools MSBuild and NMAKE.
Walkthrough: Compiling a native C++ program on the command line
Gives an example that shows how to create and compile a C++ program on the command line.
Walkthrough: Compile a C program on the command line
Describes how to compile a program written in the C programming language.
Walkthrough: Compiling a C++/CLI program on the command line
Describes how to create and compile a C++/CLI program that uses the .NET Framework.
Walkthrough: Compiling a C++/CX program on the command line
Describes how to create and compile a C++/CX program that uses the Windows Runtime.
Set the path and environment variables for command-line builds
How to set environment variables to use a 32-bit or 64-bit toolset to target x86, x64, ARM, and ARM64 platforms.
NMAKE reference
Provides links to articles that describe the Microsoft Program Maintenance Utility (NMAKE.EXE).
MSBuild on the command line - C++
Provides links to articles that discuss how to use msbuild.exe from the command line.
Related sections
All C# Commands
/MD, /MT, /LD (Use run-time library)
Describes how to use these compiler options to use a Debug or Release run-time library.
C/C++ compiler options
Provides links to articles that discuss the C and C++ compiler options and CL.exe.
MSVC linker options
Provides links to articles that discuss the linker options and LINK.exe.
Additional MSVC build tools
Provides links to the C/C++ build tools that are included in Visual Studio.